62

N. Chari et al.

Fig. 5.6 Thrips

Fig. 5.7 Soapnut bug (T. Javanica)

Hemiptera (Heteroptera)

The forewings of Hemipterans are said to be hemelytrous because they are hardened

(thick and leathery) throughout the proximal two-thirds, while the distal portion is

membranous. The second pair of wings are thin and membranous (Fig. 5.7). Unlike

elytra, hemelytra function primarily as flight wings contributing to frequency flight.

The hemelytra are linked in flight to the hindwings and remain aerodynamically

functional as in T. javanica. In many plant bugs, Tergum is large and covers the

abdomen partially as scutellum. The upper part of the forewing is hemelytra-like

and is coupled to a membranous hindwing. The two wings act as one unit on each

side during flight. They are moderate fliers, and wings are highly flexible, undergo

elastic deformation and contribute to aerodynamic forces. The hindwings are highly

membranous and have small patches of resilin as in some beetles.

Example: Soapnut Bugs.

Homoptera

It has a group of a large number of species in these orders. “Heteroptera” is a

Greek term for “different wings” while in Homoptera, wings are entirely membra-

nous as in Cicada. Interestingly, they do not fly long distances. Cicada is an ideal